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I see a lot of Wi-Fi sockets or plugs etc, but no one ever mentions how much power they consume themselves. They are typically connected to Wi-Fi constantly, waiting for commands. Does this not take power? I know it's probably (hopefully) less than the device whose standby we are trying to reduce, but has anyone tested the power usage of smart plugs or switches?

I know there are many different types, but is there a difference in usage between low cost knockoffs and big brand smart switches?

What about those ones that use normal remote controls that are usable without Wi-Fi? Usually RF signals, also using some amount of power constantly right?

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Wi-Fi outlets are at about 1.5-2 Watts of power consumption, that's the WeMo as mentioned in Jim's answer, and also a few other ones I've tried, like the TP HS110.

ZigBee outlets like the one from Samsung SmartThings should use less power due to the ZigBee protocol usage. According to their support forums, it's about 0.3W when the relay is off and 0.6W when it's on. SmartThings Community.

My own old infrared controlled outlets draw even more power than the ZigBee ones, they need about 0.7W. Anyways, that's still less then the Wi-Fi outlets.

However, you might need a hub for ZigBee devices which uses up all that saved power. Wi-Fi devices can often forgo such hubs and can be directly controlled via App or Alexa and the like. Thus, you should consider your use case. If you just want to remote control a handful you might use ZigBee/IR and a designated remote, if you want more those Wi-Fi sockets might be less power consuming after all.

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    Great point regarding hub usage compared to hubless tech. – Phrogz Nov 4 '17 at 2:33
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To understand better the power consumption of smart plugs it's worth peeking into them. To do so let's see some smart plug reference designs.

  1. One from Atmel

    enter image description here

  2. One from Texas Instruments

    enter image description here

As you can see the parts of these two different designs are quite the same.

  • There is an AC/DC power supply which provides the DC voltage for the sub-circuits.
  • There is a "brain", a Wi-Fi enabled microcontroller unit. The ATSAMW25 and the CC3200.
  • There are some dedicated hardware for power measurement.
  • A relay to be able to switch the mains lines.
  • Some feedback LED and buttons to interface the plug locally.

Basically the power consumption of the plug itself is the total power consumption of these parts. The main consumers are the Wi-Fi enabled microcontrollers, the relays and I believe that the LEDs consume more than the metering parts. On the top of these comes the efficiency of the AC/DC power supply, there will be a certain amount of power loss on these elements.

  1. Wi-Fi enabled microcontroller

    Most of the time the application processor will be in low-power mode with a current consumption between μA and mA. The Wi-Fi will add some more consumption, a couple of mA in its idle state.

    The CC3200 for example consumes 12 mA if the application MCU is in Sleep mode (not deep sleep) and the Network Processor is in idle connected state. In case of RX the consumption rises to 56 mA and in case of TX to 270 mA maximum. (Detailed tables on page 32.)

    Of course these parameters can vary for different devices from different manufacturers but roughly the scale is the same.

  2. Relays

    There can be significant losses depending on the relay type. There is loss because of the coil, called coil power. This can be even hundreds of mW (10A, 240 VAC relay 500 - 700 mW coil power, cheapest on Farnell).

    And there is loss because of the contact resistance (100 mΩ for the previous relay, and with a 10 A load it dissipates some power). More expensive ones have better parameters, there are ones with 50 mΩ resistance for example.

    I am sure that the low cost knockoff plugs have cheaper relays so possibly consumes somewhat more.

  3. LEDs

    Worth noting the couple of mA, but nothing more.

  4. AC/DC power supply

    This will add a percentage on the top of the overall consumption. Cheaper converters probably have lower efficiency, so a cheap plug would consume more in this case too.

    The UCC28910 700V Flyback Switcher from TI's design has a typical of 75% efficiency according to the datasheet (page 30.). There can be worse ones and few better. Again it gives a rough scale.

All of these can vary of course but mainly these are the factors that determine the consumption of the device itself. You could calculate a worst-case consumption for TI's design to get a W value. And of course you can check parameters of certain products.

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    Sleep mode is not particularly compatible with being responsive to commands that may arrive at any time, especially with a radio standard like wifi that has not been historically suited to frequent low duty cycle sampling in the way that standards meant for low power gear like BTLE and various propriety schemes can be. As for the relays, those would only draw power when activated. Power supply efficiency depends a lot on the load - it's often a bit of a challenge to make a supply that can provide high power, but has low overhead when supplying low power. – Chris Stratton Feb 5 '17 at 3:22
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A WeMo Rep stated 1.5 Watts for their wall switch on a WeMo forum. I imagine most of these wall/socket switches will draw 1-2 watts in standby.

WeMo Community Thread

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This video from 2015 shows an Aeotec Z-Wave Smart Dimmer measured at:

  • ~0.4W idle
  • ~0.6W on but fully-dimmed (no load)

I assume these switches have a similar power usage as an outlet/socket, given their similar functionality. Outlets could be slightly lower, given no need for dimming circuitry.

The person writing this post from 2016 purports to work for "a leader in the development of Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) technology for over 20 years" and wrote:

Today, we can build a charger/adapter supply that has <25 mW standby consumption and >82% average efficiency over the full range of load. By the end of the year we expect to be able to do even better than that. We can build a 100W TV supply that has peak efficiency near 90% (no fan required), near-unity power factor, and about 450 mW standby consumption (needed to keep the IR sensor and related components powered up so you can turn it on). It's not unreasonable to expect to see power supplies with average efficiency >90% and near-zero standby. The whole notion that you should be unplugging things to save energy is a bit outdated.

Your comment about Wi-Fi is slightly inaccurate. While most of these technologies communicate wirelessly, most do not use 802.11a/b/g/n. Doing so does use a large power drain. I direct you to this International Energy Agency report from 2016. I've included Figure 20 from the report (page 41) below which gives a broad comparison of the technologies.

Comparing range, power consumption, and data rates of multiple technologies

As you can see, there are wireless technologies that use far less energy than WiFi. In fact, on the subject of actuators (e.g. light switches) the report notes (page 45):

In the case of EnOcean for example, the mechanical energy of pressing the button of a wireless light switch is used for powering the communication to the gateway.

Obviously there is no mechanical action to capture energy for an outlet, but it does indicate how low-power the communication is if it can be powered by a light push of your finger.

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  • Note the logarithmic scale. – Helmar♦ Nov 4 '17 at 10:05
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I measured an IKEA TRADFRI control outlet (on/off) E1705 with a true-RMS multimeter. These are the results:

- Relay OFF:           0.43 W
- Relay ON (no load):   1.9 W
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I measured a number of devices with an ELV Energy Master, which is known to be quite accurate.

These are the results:

    Device          off     on      both on
TP-Link HS110 V2    1,2 W   1,8 W   x
TP-Link HS110 V3    1,0 W   1,8 W   x
AVM FritzDect 200   0,5 W   1,3 W   x
Gosund SP111        0,3 W   0,6 W   x 
Blitzwolf SHP7      0,3 W   0,7 W   1,1 W

The measurements were done after the devices were configured and fully booted.

When unconfigured, the TP-Link devices used more power. The AVM device was not tested unconfigured.

As you can see, power consumption also depends on the hardware version of a device.

Gosund SP111 is internally indentical to Blitzwolf BW-SHP6

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